One of the oldest, most complex, and most fascinating scientific traditions in the world is the Indian astronomy system. This system, based at its root on a set of foundational astronomical texts called "Siddhāntas," was composed over many centuries to form the groundwork for astronomical observation, calculation, and theory. Thus, it had a critical impact on the birth of modern astronomy, giving rise to and being shaped by the fabric of global astronomical traditions.
Siddhāntas: Meaning and Significance
Siddhānta" is an "established or proven
doctrine." In Indian astronomy, the word referred to the texts that
contained systematic theories about the cosmos, planetary motions, eclipses,
and timekeeping. Siddhāntas are treatises that integrate theoretical
mathematics with observational techniques and philosophical insights into the
universe.
These texts played important roles in designing the Indian
calendar, time-keeping, and even the architecture of ancient temples with its
alignment corresponding to celestial movements. In addition, they have formed a
stepping stone between Vedic cosmology and later science.
The Panchasiddhāntikā : The Five Great Siddhāntas
The works of the thousands of Siddhāntas that grew across the
time is none other than: Varāhamihira's Panchasiddhāntikā of the 6th
century CE-a treasure trove collating five prior astronomical texts for
example:
1. Surya Siddhānta: The most famous and the one that
survived till the last is the Surya Siddhānta. It is also supposed to be an
elaborative discourse on mathematical astronomy. The text deals with themes
such as planetary motion and eclipses. It also introduces sine functions.
Sanskrit Shloka:
ग्राह्म् नमुपा
प्रमेयो मानवीन्या च कालज्ञां।
The science of time and heavenly bodies forms the base of
every science. "
2. Paulisa Siddhānta: It is assumed to have borrowed
elements from Hellenistic astronomy, like the epicyclic model of planetary
motion.
3. Romaka Siddhānta: This work epitomizes Greek
influence on Indian astronomical thought in general and especially on the
Ptolemaic system
4. Vāsishtha Siddhānta: The text is of native Indian
origin but discusses only planets and astronomy
5. Paitāmaha
Siddhānta: A Vedic-based Siddhānta that relies on cosmology and time
cycles.
Math in the Siddhāntas
The Siddhāntas are full of a rich use of mathematics.
Techniques employed were:
•Trigonometric calculations
•Algebraic methods
•solutions for linear and quadratic equations
during the solving of problems in astronomy. Even Surya
Siddhānta has methods to calculate the position of celestial bodies with an
astonishingly high level of accuracy for its time.
चच्चुर्य्यो गणिता शिच्चीकाः। ("Through
calculation, the vastness of the heavens is comprehended.")
Astronomy and Cosmology in the Siddhāntas
The Siddhāntas treated not only planetary motion mechanism
but also cosmological models. Such as:
•Division of time into Yugas (ages)
•Calculation of the Earth's circumference
•Ecliptic motions and precession of the equinoxes
that sums up enough to their imagination. The world is
compared to a living body, that works according to strict mathematical rules.
Sanskrit Shloka:
यम् मघाञ्च जगता च चित्रं।
("The universe moves in its ordained path, as calculated by the
wise."
Application of Siddhāntas
Such knowledge included within the Siddhāntas has strong
applicative value:
1. Taiming and Calendars : Indian lunisolar calendar now
being used originated on the astral calculations kept within these volumes.
2. Temple Architectures: Most of the temples were built to
face various solstices, equinoxes, etc. in a year; their buildings are a result
of knowledge from the Siddhāntas.
3. Navigation: Ancient Indian mariners used Siddhāntic
astronomy for navigation particularly in the Indian Ocean region.
Conclusion :
The Siddhāntas are only the most brilliant achievements in
ancient Indian scientific achievement. Embracing observation, mathematics, and
philosophy, the text presents a holistic view of the cosmos that inspires
modern scholars. Massive legacy speaks of the ingenuity and curiosity of
ancient Indian astronomers whose work paved the way for much of what passes for
science today.
Written By: Sujal Dharne